Author (Reference) Year n Time Outcome Bistrian et al. (60) 1977 12 — Impaired delayed hypersensitivity skin test Weinsier et al. (61) 1979 134 2 weeks Longer hospital stay (20 vs 12 days), increased mortality (13% vs 4%) Warnold/Lundholm (62) 1984 215 29 days Increased postoperative complications (31% vs 9%) Pinchocofsky-Devin et al. (63) 1986 — — Undernutrition associated with pressure ulcers Detsky et al. (64) 1987 202 — Increased postoperative complications Dwyer et al. (65) 1987 335 4 years Loss of 4.5 kg associated with increased death Windsor/Hill (66) 1988 102 — Increased sepsis, pneumonia, longer stay Berlowitz/Wilking (67) 1989 — Impaired nutritional intake associated with pressure ulcers Chang et al. (68) 1990 199 5 years 10% weight loss associated with death and functional impairment Brandeis et al. (69) 1990 — Difficulty feeding oneself associated with pressure ulcers Thomas et al. (70) 1991 61 2 mons Increased mortality Windsor (71) 1993 — Increased postoperative complications Murden/Ainslie (72) 1994 146 2 years 10% weight loss predicts death Kaiser et al. (73) 1994 5 — Impaired immune dysfunction, decreased CD4 & T lymphocytes Franzoni et al. (74) 1996 72 28 mons Low triceps skinfold thickness predicts death Berkhout et al. (75) 1997 264 3 years Increased death in low BMI or weight loss within 3 months of admission Flacker/Kiely (76) 1998 780 2 years Weight loss and low BMI associated with death Gambassi et al. (77) 1999 9264 23 mons Malnutrition independent predictor of death (RR 1.31) Perry et al. (78) 1999 400 2 years Weight loss of 5% predicts mortality at 6 months Sullivan et al. (79) 1999 102 3 mons Higher rate mortality (relative risk, 8.0) and 90-day mortality (relative risk, 2.9)