

The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences 57:M765-M769 (2002)
© 2002 The Gerontological Society of America
Editorial: Citations, Impact Factor, and the Journal
John E. Morleya
a Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, St. Louis VA Medical Center and Division of Geriatric Medicine, Saint Louis University, Missouri
John E. Morley, Division of Geriatric Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, 1402 S. Grand Boulevard, M238, St. Louis, MO 63104 E-mail: morley{at}slu.edu.
CITATIONS to articles have become a major factor in judging the quality of a journal. For this reason I am happy to report that the Journal's impact factor increased again in the most recently reported data for 2001. The Journal's impact factor has increased from 1.222 to 1.898 since 1999. The impact factor is the number of times that articles published in the previous 2 years (1999 and 2000) were cited in the following year (2001), divided by the number of articles published in the previous 2 years. There is also a strong suggestion that the impact factor will be even higher next year, as the immediacy index (the number of times that articles published in the same year, are cited in that year, divided by the number of published articles in that year) was a healthy 0.391 in 2001. This immediacy index for the Journal was higher than that reported for the Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. Part of the improvement in the increase in citations to articles in the Journal has been the rapid review time (12 days to first decision in 2000; 18 days to first decision in 2001) and the shorter publication lag (now between 4 and 6 months). This has made the Journal an ideal venue for gerontologists to publish their most important articles.
The other reason for the success of the Journal has been the high quality of manuscripts submitted to it. One method to look at the quality of articles submitted to the Journal since 1999 is to examine which articles have been highly cited from their publication until July of 2002. To do this we have developed arbitrary cutoffs of 15 or more citations for those published in 1999, 10 or more for those published in 2000, and 5 or more for those published in 2001 (Table 1 , Table 2 , and Table 3 , respectively). It should be recognized that articles published toward the end of a given year are at a disadvantage compared with those published earlier in the year.
The most cited article for 1999 was by Sonntag and colleagues (1). This article pointed out the dichotomous effect of caloric restriction in that it produces an increase in growth hormone and a reduction in insulin growth factor-1 (IGF-1). As IGF-1 has been suggested to play a role in the pathogenesis of cancer, the authors suggested that these findings could provide a neuroendocrine compensatory mechanism to explain the action of moderate caloric restriction to produce extension of the life span. In contrast to this article, in 2001 Bartke and colleagues (2) argued that growth hormone was detrimental to prolonged life span. They pointed out that mutant mice with growth hormone deficiency and knockout mice with growth hormone resistance live longer than their normal siblings. In humans, men with high normal growth hormone have a shorter survival compared with those with lower levels, and growth hormone administration resulted in increased mortality in critically ill persons (3).
A number of other articles on caloric extension have been highly cited, making this a hot topic (4)(5)(6). The importance of this area was highlighted by the publication of a supplement to the Journals in this area (7)(8)(9)(10)(11). Previously, in an editorial, I pointed out that animals living in the wild have a very low body mass, and therefore caloric restriction may merely represent the return to a natural state (12). This would be in keeping with the suggestion of Barzilai and Gupta (4) that it is the reduction of fat mass that is directly responsible for the effects of caloric restriction. Walford and colleagues (13) recently described the changes of persons calorically restricted in Biosphere 2 and the response that followed once they left the biosphere.
A number of highly cited articles have further explored the role of nutrition in both animals and humans, making this another area recognized by the publication of a supplement to the Journals (14)(15). Wolden-Hanson and colleagues (16) examined the effect of aging on body composition and demonstrated the strong association between the increase in body fat and leptin secretion. In men, as pointed out in another highly cited article (17), leptin levels are not only associated with total adiposity but also an increase in the presence of low testosterone levels. Kenny and colleagues (18) showed that testosterone replacement in older men leads to decreased body fat, increased muscle mass, and increased bone mineral density. The Journal has highlighted the importance of andropause by publishing an outstanding review article by Matsumoto (19) and a number of other articles (20)(21)(22)(23)(24).
A key article on nutrition was published by Mathey and colleagues (25), demonstrating that flavor enhancement can increase dietary intake in nursing home residents. A number of articles in the Journal have stressed the importance of adequate nutritional intake in older persons (26)(27)(28)(29)(30)(31). The recommendations of the Council on Nutrition for the management of nursing home residents who experience weight loss were published in the Journal (32). These provide a simple algorithmic approach to the care of the malnourished older person.
There has been an increasing interest in studying centenarians to help unlock the secrets of successful aging (33)(34)(35). In the second most highly cited article, Bruunsgaard and colleagues (36) found that the cytokine, tumor necrosis factor alpha, is increased in centenarians and was highly associated with the development of Alzheimer's disease and atherosclerosis. Tumor necrosis factor alpha levels were associated with increased concentrations of interleukin-6 and c-reactive protein. Yeh and colleagues (37) found that megace decreased circulating cytokines and produced weight gain in older malnourished patients. Another highly cited article on centenarians was by Bagnara and colleagues (38). Their data suggested that maintaining the responsiveness of CD34+ cells to growth factors represents an important component in healthy aging.
Exercise and muscle strength has been one of the areas that have drawn multiple highly cited articles (39)(40)(41)(42)(43)(44)(45)(46). In particular, these articles have stressed the importance of measuring power and the role of exercise in enhancing functional status. The role of exercise in producing long-term improvement in function was disputed by Keysor and Jette (47). However, subsequently, an editorial (48) and a review article (49) argued strongly in favor of the long-term benefits of exercise. Interestingly, depression was found to be strongly associated with mortality in one of our most cited articles (50), and resistance exercise has been shown to have positive effects on mood in persons with depression (51).
Another area producing highly cited articles is frailty and the associated loss of muscle mass, that is, sarcopenia (52)(53)(54)(55)(56)(57). These articles are leading to a more clear operational definition of frailty and an increased understanding of the pathogenesis of frailty (58). These studies should lead to a rational intervention system to prevent the development of frailty and to actively treat this syndrome once it has developed.
Astin and colleagues (59), in their most cited article, highlighted the increasing number of older persons who are using complementary and alternative medicine. This use has also been reported in other recent articles in the Journal (60)(61). These articles stress the need for geriatricians to have a greater awareness of the good, the bad, and the ugly among the emerging aspects of antiaging medicine (62).
It is my pleasure to note that Richard Miller's Kleemeier award lecture, entitled "Are there genes for aging?," has been highly cited (63). The important role of Dr. Miller in gerontology is highlighted by a number of other highly cited articles his group has published in the Journal (64)(65)(66).
Readers may have an interest in which articles are being highly cited in the Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. In 1999, the two most cited articles both dealt with psychotropic drugs (67)(68). Other highly cited articles dealt with the role of interleukin-6 and disability (69), and a review article dealt with caloric restriction (70). In 2000, the most cited article thus far is by Ensrud and colleagues (71), which demonstrated that women with prevalent vertebral deformities have an increased risk of death and hospitalization. In 2001, two articles on inappropriate drug use have both been cited six times (72)(73).
Received July 9, 2002
Accepted July 10, 2002
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